On the other hand, there was no differentiation between pig-derived Trichuris from Europe and the New World suggesting dispersal relates to human activities by transporting pigs and their parasites through colonisation and trade. We found no differentiation between human-derived Trichuris in Uganda and the majority of the Trichuris samples from non-human primates suggesting a common African origin of the parasite, which then was transmitted to Asia and further to South America. Additional sequences available from GenBank were incorporated into the analyses. Populations of Trichuris examined were recovered from humans ( n = 31), pigs ( n = 58) and non-human primates ( n = 49) in different countries on different continents, namely Denmark, USA, Uganda, Ecuador, China and St. Parts of the mitochondrial nad1 and rrnL genes were sequenced followed by population genetic and phylogenetic analyses.

In this study, we aimed to reconstruct the demographic history of Trichuris in humans and pigs, the evolutionary origin of Trichuris in these hosts and factors responsible for parasite dispersal globally. The evolutionary relationship and the historical factors responsible for this worldwide distribution are poorly understood. trichiura is responsible for nearly 460 million infections in people, mainly in areas of poor sanitation in tropical and subtropical areas. trichiura are two different whipworm species that infect pigs and humans, respectively.

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